A Gynecologist is a specialized type of Doctor also known as Obstetrician. Gynecologist is a medical doctor that specializes in women's reproductive systems. Separate doctors that specialize in treating women have existed for centuries, and these ancient specialists are the forefathers of today's gynecological doctors and researchers. Gynecologists are often at the forefront of debates over women's health and healthcare. While a general physician may be able to pinpoint and treat minor women's health issues, the expert opinions of gynecologists are absolutely necessary when it comes to certain aspects of women's health. A Gynecologist and Obstetrician performs a variety of tests and exams focused on women's health. Gynecologists are responsible for performing the standard yearly exam on adult women to ensure their reproductive health. During this exam, the doctor will physically examine the woman, perform a pap smear, perform STD tests, complete a breast exam, and monitor the woman's use of birth control. Gynecologists are also sometimes certified as obstetricians, and will monitor the health of the mother and the fetus during a pregnancy. In addition to the above, a Gynecologist and Obstetrician must also monitor some of the same medical conditions in women as her general practitioner. For example, if a woman has diabetes, her gynecological specialist must inform her of how her disease is impacting her reproductive organs. Gynecologists also diagnose problems that women may be having with their reproductive organs, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome or cervical cancer. They may also check for vaginal infections and urinary tract infections in women complaining of lower abdominal pain or sexual pain. Gynecologists also perform minor surgeries on women's reproductive organs, such as tube tying. The duties of Gynecologist and Obstetrician includes to diagnosis and treatment of chronic pelvic pain, endometriosis, abnormal uterine bleeding, abnormal pap smear, infertility, sexual dysfunction, sexually transmitted diseases, pelvic masse - ovarian cysts and fibroid uterus, miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy. Office procedures and health counseling duties are colposcopy, hysteroscopy, ultrasound, bartholin cyst, contraceptive counseling, routine health maintenance, adolescent sexual health, domestic violence and sexual assault. Surgical procedures – dilation and curettage, hysterectomy, tubal ligation, diagnostic laparoscopy, bladder suspension.